The term "Greek colonization" refers to the founding of Greek planting towns (Apoikia) extending from the mainland and the islands of the Aegean before and during the archaic period of Greek antiquity.

Through this colonization the Greek language, culture and polis were spread, especially in the coasts of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. There are essentially two phases: the "Ionian colonization" of the small Asian coasts, as evidenced by the excavations along the coast of today's Turkey, which occurred in the 11th and 10th century BC, followed by the end of the Mycenaean culture, as well as the "Great Colonization" from the 8th to the 6th century BC, which meant that the Greek settlement area stretched from Spain to the Caucasus and from southern Russia to Egypt.

First wave of Greek colonization throughout the 7th century

In the second half of the 8th century BC, the eastern and central Mediterranean was confronted with a further wave of Greek colonization that lasted throughout the 7th century. The Macedonian and Thracian coasts also contributed to the settlement history. In the Pierea (Methonè), the Chalkidiki peninsula (Mendè, Skionè, Sanè, Néapolis, Aphytis, Potidée, Toronè, Semylè, Akanthos, Stageira), Strymonas region (Argilos) and Thasos island shore between the islands of Strymona and Nestos, various colonies (Galepsos, Apollonia, Oisymè, Néapolis) were created.

The founding of the colonies in the northern Aegean had, of course, preceded a period of exploration, contact, and trade with the indigenous population. The first to travel to this region were apparently the Eubians, especially the inhabitants of Eretria and Chalcis, the latter group giving the peninsula its name. In fact, the majority of the colonies were founded by the Eubès, the earliest, Methonè, at the beginning of the 8th century BC. Colonists from two Cyclades Islands participated in this new settlement. The inhabitants of Paros have established themselves on the island of Thasos, while others, who came from the island of Andros, founded four colonies, three of them (Sanè, Akanthos and Stageira) on the easternmost part of the Halkidiki peninsula, the fourth, Argilos few kilometers west of the river Strymonas.

The ancient Greek colonization movement represents a research field open to the present and in flux, which continues to be intense excavation activity. In recent research, it is increasingly pointed out that the term "colonization" scarcely meets the phenomenon. The effects of this migration were of unprecedented historical significance and variety. They extended to the above-mentioned rooms and their peoples; but they also influenced further development on the Greek mainland, and founded (at least in the opinion of the older research) an awareness of alliance among all Hellenes. The importance of central places of the cult and the encounter of all Greeks, under which Delphi and Olympia are sustained.

Later Greek authors such as Herodotus, Thucydides and Strabon

While the modern image of so-called colonization has been marked for a long time by the depiction of the events by later Greek authors such as Herodotus, Thucydides and Strabon, the results of classical archeology have in recent years cast new light on the events. Many confident assumptions were questioned. The research discussion continues.

The so-called Great Colonization, which dates from the middle of the eighth century to the middle of the sixth century BC, is not the result of state planning, which was at least initially lacking in political forms of organization and institutions. The archaeologist Bengtson saw it as "an unmistakable sum of often uncontrollable individual processes, of plans, attempts, successes and failures in a colorful series". What follows from this was all the more astonishing: "When the colonization gradually decays after the middle of the 6th century, after a period of two centuries, a wreath of flowering Hellenistic plant towns is closed almost round the whole basin of the great Mediterranean, only in the east the pre-Asian empires have hindered the establishment of the Greeks on the coast of Syria."

In the latest research, with reference to the archaeological findings, it is increasingly assumed that, roughly speaking, one had to deal with two phases: until about 600 the number of migrant Greeks had been small; They would have settled mostly as traders and craftsmen beside and in already existing indigenous settlements. Only then, as a second settlement wave, a large number of Hellenes had emigrated, carried on farming and displaced or subjugated the locals, often led by an oikist. "

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